{"data":{"version":2,"updatedAt":"2026-09-06","cases":[{"id":"us-indigenous-boarding-school-deaths-unaccounted","title":{"ru":"США: государственная система интернатов оставила смерти детей без полного учёта","en":"United States: federal boarding schools left child deaths unaccounted for"},"period":{"from":1819,"to":1969},"actors":[{"ru":"Правительство США; федеральные интернаты для коренных народов","en":"U.S. government; federal Indian boarding schools"}],"region":"americas","kind":"nonregistration","summary":{"ru":"Система принудительной ассимиляции разлучала детей коренных народов с семьями. Первое комплексное федеральное расследование началось лишь в 2021 году. Отчёт 2024 года подтвердил не менее 973 смертей и 74 места захоронений; само ведомство признало, что действительное число погибших больше.","en":"The forced-assimilation system separated Indigenous children from their families. The first comprehensive federal investigation began only in 2021. Its 2024 report confirmed at least 973 deaths and 74 burial sites; the department acknowledged that the true number of children who died was greater."},"sources":[{"title":"Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative Investigative Report, Volume II","url":"https://www.bia.gov/sites/default/files/media_document/doi_federal_indian_boarding_school_initiative_investigative_report_vii_final_508_compliant.pdf","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","date":"2024-07","locator":"Printed pp. 39–40 (PDF pp. 39–40), unavailable records and scope of confirmed deaths.","archiveUrl":null,"archiveStatus":"unavailable"},{"title":"Secretary Haaland Announces Major Milestones for Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative","url":"https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-haaland-announces-major-milestones-federal-indian-boarding-school","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Interior","date":"2024-07-30","locator":"First-ever comprehensive initiative; 973 deaths, 74 burial sites, assimilation policies.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260830105130/https://www.doi.gov/pressreleases/secretary-haaland-announces-major-milestones-federal-indian-boarding-school","archiveStatus":"verified"}]},{"id":"canada-residential-school-deaths-and-record-disposal","title":{"ru":"Канада: смерти детей без имён и уничтоженные школьные архивы","en":"Canada: unnamed child deaths and destroyed school records"},"period":{"from":1867,"to":2000},"actors":[{"ru":"Правительство Канады; администрации интернатов для коренных народов","en":"Canadian government; Indigenous residential-school administrations"}],"region":"americas","kind":"record_destruction","summary":{"ru":"Комиссия по установлению истины выявила 3 200 смертей детей в интернатах: в 32% записей не было даже имени, в 49%; причины смерти. Государственная политика списания разрешала уничтожать школьные отчёты через пять лет. В 1936-1944 годах ведомство по делам индейцев уничтожило 200 тысяч дел.","en":"The Truth and Reconciliation Commission identified 3,200 residential-school child deaths: 32% of records lacked even a name and 49% lacked a cause. Government disposal policy allowed school returns to be destroyed after five years. Indian Affairs destroyed 200,000 files in 1936-1944."},"sources":[{"title":"Canada’s Residential Schools: Missing Children and Unmarked Burials, Volume 4","url":"https://nctr.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Volume_4_Missing_Children_English_Web.pdf","publisher":"Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada","date":"2015","locator":"Executive summary, printed pp. 1 and 9–10 (PDF pp. 8, 16–17); government disposal policy and statistical limits.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260813093603/https://nctr.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Volume_4_Missing_Children_English_Web.pdf","archiveStatus":"verified"}]},{"id":"belgium-congo-archives-burned-1908","title":{"ru":"Конго: Леопольд II сжёг архивы перед передачей колонии","en":"Congo: Leopold II burned records before handing over the colony"},"period":{"from":1908,"to":1908},"actors":[{"ru":"ЛеопольдII и администрация Свободного государства Конго","en":"LeopoldII and Congo Free State administration"}],"region":"africa","kind":"record_destruction","summary":{"ru":"Перед передачей Конго бельгийскому государству Леопольд II приказал сжечь документы своей колониальной администрации. Исследование Дианы Натерманн описывает уничтожение архивов в Брюсселе в августе 1908 года по свидетельству королевского сотрудника Гюстава Стингламбера. Документы уничтожали, чтобы действия режима не стали предметом скандала после передачи колонии.","en":"Before handing Congo to the Belgian state, Leopold II ordered records of his colonial administration burned. Diana Natermann's study describes the August 1908 destruction in Brussels through royal employee Gustave Stinglhamber's account. The records were destroyed to prevent scandal about the regime's actions after the transfer."},"sources":[{"title":"Pursuing Whiteness in the Colonies: Private Memories from the Congo Free State and German East Africa(1884–1914)","url":"https://unglueit-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ebf/25ef92d85d5c41ada60d7712b580d3e1.pdf","publisher":"Diana Miryong Natermann, Waxmann","date":"2018","locator":"Printed p63/PDF p63, section on CEC, paragraph describing August1908 burning; footnote65 references Hochschild and Stinglhamber recollection.","archiveUrl":null,"archiveStatus":"unavailable"}]},{"id":"uk-nyasaland-african-deaths-no-registration-1913","title":{"ru":"Ньясаленд: миллион африканцев без системы учёта смертей","en":"Nyasaland: a million Africans without a death-registration system"},"period":{"from":1913,"to":1914},"actors":[{"ru":"Британская колониальная администрация Ньясаленда","en":"British colonial administration of Nyasaland"}],"region":"africa","kind":"nonregistration","summary":{"ru":"В отчёте за 1913-1914 годы администрация перечислила 26 рождений и семь смертей европейцев. На той же странице она признала, что организации для регистрации рождений и смертей африканцев не существует. Африканское население оценивалось в 1 065 119 человек. Для небольшой европейской общины власть считала рождения и смерти; для более чем миллиона африканцев такую систему не создала. К тому времени в метрополии, Англии и Уэльсе, система гражданской регистрации действовала с 1837 года.","en":"The 1913-1914 report listed 26 European births and seven deaths. On the same page the administration admitted that no organization existed to register African births and deaths. The African population was estimated at 1,065,119. Colonial authorities counted births and deaths in the small European community but had created no such system for more than a million Africans. By then, civil registration had operated in England and Wales, in the imperial metropole, since 1837."},"sources":[{"title":"Nyasaland Protectorate: Report for1913–14","url":"https://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/Africana/Books2011-05/469188/469188_1913_1914/469188_1913_1914_opt.pdf","publisher":"Government of Nyasaland / His Majesty’s Stationery Office; University of Illinois","date":"1915-02","locator":"Printed p27, PDF p26, VIII Population and Vital Statistics(a) population,(b) births deaths and marriages; explicit absence of native registration organization.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240526093843/https://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/Africana/Books2011-05/469188/469188_1913_1914/469188_1913_1914_opt.pdf","archiveStatus":"verified"},{"title":"The General Register Office celebrates 175 years of civil registration","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/the-general-register-office-celebrates-175-years-of-civil-registration","publisher":"Home Office / General Register Office","date":"2012-06-29","locator":"Opening paragraphs and Civil marriage section: local registrars recorded births and deaths from 1 July 1837.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260228163018/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/the-general-register-office-celebrates-175-years-of-civil-registration","archiveStatus":"verified"}]},{"id":"south-africa-namibia-blue-book-destruction-1926","title":{"ru":"Намибия: свидетельства колониальных зверств изъяли и уничтожили","en":"Namibia: evidence of colonial atrocities withdrawn and destroyed"},"period":{"from":1926,"to":1935},"actors":[{"ru":"Законодательное собрание Юго-Западной Африки и южноафриканская администрация","en":"South West African Legislative Assembly and South African administration"}],"region":"africa","kind":"record_destruction","summary":{"ru":"В 1926 году собрание белых поселенцев потребовало изъять и уничтожить \"Синюю книгу\" : официальный отчёт о германском колониальном насилии против населения Намибии. Экземпляры убирали из библиотек Южной Африки и Намибии и уничтожали. Политическое примирение между белыми колонизаторами оплатили уничтожением доступных свидетельств о расправах над африканцами.","en":"In 1926 the white settler assembly demanded withdrawal and destruction of the Blue Book, an official report on German colonial violence against Namibians. Copies were removed from libraries in South Africa and Namibia and destroyed. Political reconciliation among white colonizers was pursued by destroying accessible testimony about violence against Africans."},"sources":[{"title":"Words Cannot Be Found: German Colonial Rule in Namibia — An Annotated Reprint of the1918 Blue Book","url":"https://sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/archive-files3/jan-bart_gewald_jeremy_silvester_words_cannot_bbook4you.pdf","publisher":"Jeremy Silvester and Jan-Bart Gewald, Brill; South African History Archive copy","date":"2003","locator":"Introduction pp.xxxi–xxxii, PDF pp32–33; quotes1926 motion and cites National Archives of Namibia ADM255, Memorandum on the Blue Book, AnnexureA; notes85–88.","archiveUrl":null,"archiveStatus":"not_checked"}]},{"id":"uk-sierra-leone-racial-registration-exemption-1930","title":{"ru":"Сьерра-Леоне: африканцев исключили из обязательного учёта","en":"Sierra Leone: Africans excluded from compulsory registration"},"period":{"from":1930,"to":1931},"actors":[{"ru":"Британская колониальная администрация Сьерра-Леоне","en":"British colonial administration of Sierra Leone"}],"region":"africa","kind":"nonregistration","summary":{"ru":"В протекторате Сьерра-Леоне регистрация рождений и смертей была обязательна для остальных жителей, а для коренных африканцев оставалась добровольной. В 1931 году британский министр сообщил парламенту: показателей рождаемости и смертности по протекторату нет. Территория с более чем 1,4 миллиона африканцев по переписи 1921 года оставалась под управлением власти, установившей разные требования к учёту по расовому признаку.","en":"In the Sierra Leone Protectorate birth and death registration was compulsory for other residents but optional for indigenous Africans. In 1931 a British minister told Parliament that no birth or death figures were available for the Protectorate. A territory with more than 1.4 million Africans in the 1921 census remained under an administration imposing racially unequal registration requirements."},"sources":[{"title":"Sierra Leone(Births and Deaths)","url":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1931/may/20/sierra-leone-births-and-deaths","publisher":"UK Parliament, Hansard","date":"1931-05-20","locator":"HC Deb vol252 cols1958–1959: official reply gives1930colonyrates but none for Protectorate.","archiveUrl":null,"archiveStatus":"not_checked"},{"title":"Monthly Epidemiological Report of the Health Section of the Secretariat,11th year: Sierra Leone","url":"https://deriv.nls.uk/dcn23/1907/0881/190708818.23.pdf","publisher":"League of Nations Health Organisation; National Library of Scotland","date":"1932","locator":"Printed p135, PDF p143; compulsory non-African and optional African registration in Protectorate from1July1930;1921population1,456,148. Digitized1932volume, title header PDF p9.","archiveUrl":null,"archiveStatus":"not_checked"}]},{"id":"colonial-kenya-unregistered-reserve-deaths-1931","title":{"ru":"Кения: британская администрация не учитывала смерти в африканских резерватах","en":"Kenya: British administration left deaths in African reserves uncounted"},"period":{"from":1931,"to":1931},"actors":[{"ru":"Британская колониальная администрация Кении","en":"British colonial administration of Kenya"}],"region":"africa","kind":"nonregistration","summary":{"ru":"Британская администрация управляла африканскими резерватами, не располагая данными о рождениях и смертях их населения. Её отчёт за 1931 год признаёт отсутствие этих сведений и неудовлетворительный учёт даже в городах. Без регистрации рождений африканских детей администрация не могла рассчитать младенческую смертность","en":"The British administration governed African reserves without birth or death figures for their populations. Its 1931 report acknowledges the missing figures and inadequate registration even in towns. Without registering African births, the administration could not calculate infant mortality rates"},"sources":[{"title":"Colonial Reports—Annual: Kenya, 1931","url":"https://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/africana/books2011-05/5530244/5530244_1931/5530244_1931_opt.pdf","publisher":"Government of Kenya / His Majesty’s Stationery Office; digitized by University of Illinois","date":"","locator":"Report for 1931, printed p. 16 (PDF p. 16), Vital Statistics and the Public Health; reserve populations and absent infant mortality rates. Publication date not confirmed.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260101143634/https://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/Africana/Books2011-05/5530244/5530244_1931/5530244_1931_opt.pdf","archiveStatus":"verified"}]},{"id":"uk-gold-coast-registration-excludes-ninety-percent-1935","title":{"ru":"Золотой Берег:90% населения оставили за пределами регистрации","en":"Gold Coast:90% of the population left outside registration"},"period":{"from":1935,"to":1936},"actors":[{"ru":"Британская колониальная администрация Золотого Берега","en":"British colonial administration of the Gold Coast"}],"region":"africa","kind":"nonregistration","summary":{"ru":"Отчёт британской администрации за 1935-1936 годы прямо признаёт: регистрация рождений и смертей не распространялась примерно на 90% населения Золотого Берега. Опубликованные показатели относились к узкому кругу регистрационных районов. Колониальная власть управляла всей территорией, но оставила жизнь и смерть подавляющего большинства её жителей за пределами своей системы учёта.","en":"The British administration's 1935-1936 report explicitly admits that birth and death registration did not cover roughly 90% of the Gold Coast's population. Published rates represented a narrow set of registration areas. Colonial rule extended across the territory while its registration system left the births and deaths of the overwhelming majority outside it."},"sources":[{"title":"Annual Report on the Gold Coast,1935–36","url":"https://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/africana/books2011-05/5530214/5530214_1935_1936/5530214_1935_1936_opt.pdf","publisher":"Government of the Gold Coast / His Majesty’s Stationery Office; University of Illinois","date":"1936","locator":"Printed p9, PDF p12: paragraph following TableIV explicitly says registration does not apply to some ninety per centum of population.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20251206150638/https://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/africana/books2011-05/5530214/5530214_1935_1936/5530214_1935_1936_opt.pdf","archiveStatus":"verified"}]},{"id":"portugal-cape-verde-famine-reporting-ban-1941-1948","title":{"ru":"Кабо-Верде: португальские власти запрещали сообщать о голоде и смертях","en":"Cabo Verde: Portuguese authorities banned reports of famine and deaths"},"period":{"from":1941,"to":1948},"actors":[{"ru":"Португальская колониальная администрация","en":"Portuguese colonial administration"}],"region":"africa","kind":"concealment","summary":{"ru":"Португальские колониальные власти запрещали иностранцам сообщать о смертях и употреблять слово \"голод\", согласно свидетельству миссионера Эверетта Ховарда, приведённому историком Джорджем Бруксом. Голод 1941-1943 и 1947-1948 годов не освещался в португальской прессе","en":"Portuguese colonial authorities prohibited foreigners from reporting deaths or using the word \"famine\", according to missionary Everette Howard's account cited by historian George Brooks. The famines of 1941-1943 and 1947-1948 went unreported in the Portuguese press"},"sources":[{"title":"Cabo Verde: Gulag of the South Atlantic: Racism, Fishing Prohibitions, and Famines","url":"https://scholarworks.iu.edu/bitstreams/de87c55f-cc44-4095-a9c9-bbcd2509bde4/download","publisher":"George E. Brooks · History in Africa 33 · Indiana University repository","date":"2006","locator":"Section X, printed p. 134 (PDF p. 18), note 86; cites Carreira, Migrações, p. 238 and Basil Miller, Miracle in Cape Verde (1950), pp. 13, 53–54.","archiveUrl":null,"archiveStatus":"not_checked"}]},{"id":"france-thiaroye-false-deserter-record-1944","title":{"ru":"Тиарой: убитого солдата записали в дезертиры","en":"Thiaroye: a killed soldier recorded as a deserter"},"period":{"from":1944,"to":2019},"actors":[{"ru":"Французская армия и Министерство вооружённых сил","en":"French Army and Ministry of the Armed Forces"}],"region":"africa","kind":"concealment","summary":{"ru":"После расстрела африканских солдат в Тиарое французские власти внесли убитого военнослужащего в списки дезертиров, сообщили семье ложные сведения и объявили стрельбу соразмерным ответом. Ошибочную отметку о дезертирстве убрали лишь в 2019 году. Решение суда 2026 года перечисляет эти действия и признаёт вину государства за многолетнее бездействие в выяснении обстоятельств смерти и места захоронения.","en":"After African soldiers were shot at Thiaroye, French authorities listed a killed serviceman as a deserter, gave his family false information and described the shooting as a proportionate response. The deserter entry was removed only in 2019. A 2026 judgment documents these actions and holds the state responsible for its prolonged failure to establish the circumstances of his death and burial place."},"sources":[{"title":"Tribunal administratif de Paris, jugement no2411510/6-1","url":"https://paris.tribunal-administratif.fr/content/download/237508/file/2411510_27032026ano.pdf","publisher":"Tribunal administratif de Paris","date":"2026-03-27","locator":"Paragraph9, PDF p5: false deserter entry13 November1951, false payment circular, disproportionate-response narrative, corrections2013–2024; paras9–10 state liability.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260418095857/https://paris.tribunal-administratif.fr/content/download/237508/file/2411510_27032026ano.pdf","archiveStatus":"verified"}]},{"id":"japan-imperial-war-crime-archives-burning-1945","title":{"ru":"Япония: приказ сжечь доказательства военных преступлений","en":"Japan: orders to burn evidence of war crimes"},"period":{"from":1945,"to":1945},"actors":[{"ru":"Ставка и военные ведомства Японской империи","en":"Imperial General Headquarters and Japanese military ministries"}],"region":"asia","kind":"record_destruction","summary":{"ru":"После объявления капитуляции японское командование приказало уничтожить секретные документы, включая улики преступлений против военнопленных. Сжечь следовало и сами приказы; докладывать об исполнении разрешалось только по защищённому телефону. Военные и гражданские ведомства уничтожали архивы до прибытия союзников. По оценке руководителя японского военно-исторического архива, приведённой NARA, было сожжено или уничтожено до 70% военных документов армии. Уничтожение записей лишило следствие доказательств преступлений империи.","en":"After announcing surrender, Japanese military leaders ordered secret documents destroyed, including evidence of crimes against prisoners of war. The orders themselves were to be burned, with implementation reported only by secure telephone. Military and civilian agencies destroyed archives before Allied troops arrived. NARA cites a Japanese military archive director estimating that up to 70% of the army's wartime records were burned or otherwise destroyed. The destruction deprived investigators of evidence of the empire's crimes."},"sources":[{"title":"Researching Japanese War Crimes: Introductory Essays","url":"https://www.archives.gov/files/iwg/japanese-war-crimes/introductory-essays.pdf","publisher":"US National Archives and Records Administration, Interagency Working Group","date":"2006","locator":"Printed pp. 9 and 23-24 (PDF pp. 17 and 31-32): orders of August1945, destruction of orders themselves, secure telephone reporting and archive director estimate.","archiveUrl":null,"archiveStatus":"unavailable"}]},{"id":"us-unit-731-protection-from-prosecution-1947","title":{"ru":"Отряд 731: США прикрыли преступников ради результатов опытов над людьми","en":"Unit731: the US shielded perpetrators to obtain human experiment data"},"period":{"from":1945,"to":1947},"actors":[{"ru":"Американская оккупационная администрация, военное командование и разведка","en":"US occupation authorities, military command and intelligence agencies"},{"ru":"Руководство японского отряда731","en":"Leadership of Japan’s Unit731"}],"region":"asia","kind":"concealment","summary":{"ru":"Тысячи мужчин, женщин и детей погибли в экспериментах в Пинфане и других центрах японской программы биологической войны. Американские власти собрали свидетельства преступлений, а затем защищали Исии Сиро и его коллег от суда, чтобы получить результаты этих опытов и не допустить публичного скандала. Перед советскими допросами американцы указывали японским специалистам, какие ответы давать. Переписка о защите участников программы и попытках остановить преследование сохранилась в государственных архивах США.","en":"Thousands of men, women and children died in experiments at Pingfan and other sites of Japan's biological warfare programme. US authorities collected evidence, then shielded Shiro Ishii and his colleagues from prosecution to obtain the experiment results and prevent a public scandal. Before Soviet interrogations, US officials instructed the Japanese specialists what answers to give. Correspondence documenting protection of programme participants and efforts to discourage prosecution survives in US government archives."},"sources":[{"title":"Researching Japanese War Crimes: Introductory Essays","url":"https://www.archives.gov/files/iwg/japanese-war-crimes/introductory-essays.pdf","publisher":"US National Archives and Records Administration, Interagency Working Group","date":"2006","locator":"Printed pp. 95-98 (PDF pp. 103-106), especially p.97: thousands killed, efforts to shieldIshii, preventing public disclosure and coaching responses to Soviet interrogators; archive references in notes55 and63-65.","archiveUrl":null,"archiveStatus":"unavailable"}]},{"id":"netherlands-indonesia-systematic-violence-concealed-1945","title":{"ru":"Индонезия: государство покрывало казни, пытки и сожжение деревень","en":"Indonesia: the state covered up executions, torture and village burning"},"period":{"from":1945,"to":1969},"actors":[{"ru":"Правительство и вооружённые силы Нидерландов","en":"Dutch government and armed forces"}],"region":"asia","kind":"concealment","summary":{"ru":"Исследование NIOD, KITLV и NIMH установило: внесудебные казни, пытки и сожжение деревень были систематической практикой нидерландских войск. Политики, офицеры, чиновники и судьи знали или могли знать об этом и совместно оправдывали, скрывали и оставляли насилие без наказания. После войны власти вытесняли этот вопрос из политики, прикрывая собственную ответственность за попытку удержать колонию.","en":"The NIOD, KITLV and NIMH research programme established that extrajudicial executions, torture and village burning were systematic Dutch military practices. Politicians, officers, officials and judges knew or could have known and collectively condoned, justified, concealed and left the violence unpunished. After the war, authorities kept it off the political agenda to shield their own responsibility for trying to retain the colony."},"sources":[{"title":"Beyond the Pale: Dutch Extreme Violence in the Indonesian War of Independence,1945–1949","url":"https://www.niod.nl/en/publications/beyond-the-pale/","publisher":"NIOD / KITLV / NIMH","date":"2022","locator":"Research-programme conclusions: paragraphs on systematic violence, collective willingness to conceal, colonialdouble standards and postwar political suppression; rejects1969position.","archiveUrl":null,"archiveStatus":"unavailable"}]},{"id":"uk-batang-kali-inquiry-files-destroyed-1966","title":{"ru":"Батанг-Кали: дело об убийстве 24 жителей уничтожили","en":"Batang Kali: files on the killing of 24 villagers destroyed"},"period":{"from":1948,"to":1966},"actors":[{"ru":"Британская армия и Министерство колоний","en":"British Army and Colonial Office"}],"region":"asia","kind":"record_destruction","summary":{"ru":"Британский патруль убил 24 мирных жителя. Военное министерство представило расстрел как успешную операцию против \"бандитов\", якобы пытавшихся бежать. При первоначальной проверке жителей деревни не опросили. В 1966 году Министерство колоний уничтожило материалы этой проверки как не заслуживающие сохранения : вместе с большинством других дел о поддержании порядка во время Малайской чрезвычайной ситуации.","en":"A British patrol killed 24 civilians. The War Office presented the shooting as a successful operation against alleged bandits attempting escape. The initial inquiry did not question villagers. In 1966 the Colonial Office destroyed that inquiry file as unworthy of preservation, together with most other files concerning law and order during the Malayan Emergency."},"sources":[{"title":"Keyu and others v Secretary of State — Court of Appeal judgment","url":"https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/JCO/Documents/Judgments/keyu-others-v-ssfca-and-another.pdf","publisher":"Court of Appeal of England and Wales","date":"2014-03-19","locator":"Paragraphs1,27–30,35–37; PDF pp6–9. Paragraph30 explicitly records destruction in1966 and exclusion of villagers from questioning.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260206140645/https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/JCO/Documents/Judgments/keyu-others-v-ssfca-and-another.pdf","archiveStatus":"verified"}]},{"id":"cia-frank-olson-circumstances-concealed-1953","title":{"ru":"Фрэнк Олсон: ЦРУ скрыло от семьи свою роль в событиях перед его смертью","en":"Frank Olson: CIA hid its role in the events preceding his death from his family"},"period":{"from":1953,"to":1975},"actors":[{"ru":"Центральное разведывательное управление США","en":"U.S. Central Intelligence Agency"}],"region":"americas","kind":"concealment","summary":{"ru":"ЦРУ скрыло от семьи Фрэнка Олсона обстоятельства его смерти после тайного введения ему LSD. Управление также скрывало свою причастность и принадлежность сопровождавшего Олсона сотрудника к ЦРУ. Эти действия установило расследование Сената","en":"The CIA withheld the circumstances of Frank Olson's death from his family after secretly administering LSD to him. It also concealed its involvement and the CIA affiliation of the officer accompanying Olson. The Senate investigation established these actions"},"sources":[{"title":"Project MKULTRA, the CIA’s Program of Research in Behavioral Modification — joint hearing and Church Committee findings","url":"https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-files-hearings-95mkultra.pdf","publisher":"U.S. Senate","date":"1977-08-03","locator":"Appendix A, section C.1, The Death of Dr. Frank Olson; subsection e. The Aftermath; PDF p.81 (one-based)","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260827201520/https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-files-hearings-95mkultra.pdf","archiveStatus":"verified"}]},{"id":"france-audin-false-escape-account-1957","title":{"ru":"Морис Оден: французские военные прикрыли смерть выдуманным побегом","en":"Maurice Audin: French military covered up his death with a fabricated escape"},"period":{"from":1957,"to":2018},"actors":[{"ru":"Французская армия в Алжире","en":"French army in Algeria"},{"ru":"Французские государственные органы","en":"French state authorities"}],"region":"africa","kind":"concealment","summary":{"ru":"Французские военные внесли в официальные протоколы выдуманную версию побега Мориса Одена, чтобы скрыть его смерть. Молчание и ложь ключевых свидетелей мешали расследованию. В 2018 году президент Франции официально признал это сокрытие","en":"The French military put a fabricated account of Maurice Audin's escape in official records to conceal his death. Silence and lies by key witnesses obstructed the investigation. France's president officially acknowledged the cover-up in 2018"},"sources":[{"title":"Déclaration du Président de la République sur la mort de Maurice Audin","url":"https://www.elysee.fr/emmanuel-macron/2018/09/13/declaration-du-president-de-la-republique-sur-la-mort-de-maurice-audin","publisher":"Présidence de la République française","date":"2018-09-13","locator":"Paragraphs on the official escape account, obstruction of Josette Audin’s complaint, and the arrest-detention system","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260814120737/https://www.elysee.fr/emmanuel-macron/2018/09/13/declaration-du-president-de-la-republique-sur-la-mort-de-maurice-audin","archiveStatus":"verified"}]},{"id":"france-boumendjel-staged-suicide-1957","title":{"ru":"Али Буменджель: французские военные выдали убийство за самоубийство","en":"Ali Boumendjel: French military disguised murder as suicide"},"period":{"from":1957,"to":2021},"actors":[{"ru":"Французская армия в Алжире","en":"French army in Algeria"},{"ru":"Поль Оссаресс","en":"Paul Aussaresses"}],"region":"africa","kind":"concealment","summary":{"ru":"Французские военные пытали Али Буменджеля и убили его 23 марта 1957 года. Поль Оссаресс приказал убить его и замаскировать преступление под самоубийство. Франция официально признала убийство и его сокрытие в 2021 году","en":"The French military tortured Ali Boumendjel and murdered him on 23 March 1957. Paul Aussaresses ordered his killing and the staging of a suicide to disguise the crime. France officially acknowledged the murder and cover-up in 2021"},"sources":[{"title":"Reconnaissance par la France de l’assassinat d’Ali Boumendjel","url":"https://www.elysee.fr/emmanuel-macron/2021/03/02/reconnaissance-par-la-france-de-lassassinat-dali-boumendjel","publisher":"Présidence de la République française","date":"2021-03-02","locator":"Paragraph beginning Au cœur de la Bataille d’Alger; murder on 23 March 1957 and staging as suicide","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260720032302/https://www.elysee.fr/emmanuel-macron/2021/03/02/reconnaissance-par-la-france-de-lassassinat-dali-boumendjel","archiveStatus":"verified"}]},{"id":"uk-hola-false-water-account-1959","title":{"ru":"Хола: забитых до смерти заключённых списали на воду","en":"Hola: beaten prisoners explained away by drinking water"},"period":{"from":1959,"to":1959},"actors":[{"ru":"Британская колониальная администрация Кении","en":"British colonial administration of Kenya"}],"region":"africa","kind":"concealment","summary":{"ru":"После избиения одиннадцати заключённых до смерти администрация Кении сообщила, что они умерли после питья воды. Вскрытия установили насильственную смерть. Начальнику лагеря предъявили дисциплинарное обвинение в передаче ложных сведений проверяющим. Колониальная власть подменила рассказ об убийстве людей рассказом о воде.","en":"After eleven detainees were beaten to death, the Kenya administration announced that they had died after drinking water. Autopsies established violent deaths. The camp commandant faced a disciplinary charge of giving misleading information to investigators. Colonial officials substituted a story about water for an account of men being killed."},"sources":[{"title":"Hola Camp — disciplinary charges","url":"https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1959-06-04/debates/b0bf8364-9ac0-46da-922f-ae5dc5b5f4e2/HolaCamp","publisher":"UK Parliament, Hansard","date":"1959-06-04","locator":"Question43; minister J. Amery reads charges against Sullivan, especially charge(ii).","archiveUrl":null,"archiveStatus":"unavailable"},{"title":"Hola Detention Camp — debate","url":"https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1959/jun/16/hola-detention-camp","publisher":"UK Parliament, Hansard","date":"1959-06-16","locator":"HC Deb vol607 cols248–384; medical evidence and March4 press statement, including ministerial discussion of drinking-water explanation.","archiveUrl":null,"archiveStatus":"not_checked"}]},{"id":"france-paris-massacre-official-minimisation-1961","title":{"ru":"Париж: убийства алжирцев спрятали за ложным сводным отчётом","en":"Paris: killings of Algerians hidden behind a false official account"},"period":{"from":1961,"to":1998},"actors":[{"ru":"Французская полиция и правительство Франции","en":"French police and French government"}],"region":"europe","kind":"concealment","summary":{"ru":"После разгона алжирской демонстрации 17 октября 1961 года префектура объявила о трёх погибших и возложила вину на столкновения между самими демонстрантами. Полицейское насилие скрыли за версией, обвинявшей жертв. В 1998 году государственная проверка архивов установила также уничтожение старых документов речной полиции: исследователи лишились важного источника для проверки сведений о телах, найденных в воде.","en":"After the Algerian demonstration of 17 October 1961 was crushed, the prefecture announced three deaths and blamed clashes among demonstrators. An account blaming victims concealed police violence. A 1998 government archive inquiry also established that river-police records had been destroyed, depriving researchers of a crucial source for checking bodies recovered from the water."},"sources":[{"title":"Débat sur la reconnaissance du massacre du17 octobre1961","url":"https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/16/comptes-rendus/seance/session-ordinaire-de-2023-2024/seance-du-jeudi-28-mars-2024","publisher":"Assemblée nationale","date":"2024-03-28","locator":"Opening presentation: prefecture communiqué reported three deaths attributed to clashes between Algerian demonstrators.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260613064102/https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/dyn/16/comptes-rendus/seance/session-ordinaire-de-2023-2024/seance-du-jeudi-28-mars-2024","archiveStatus":"verified"},{"title":"Rapport sur les archives de la Préfecture de police relatives à la manifestation organisée par le FLN le17 octobre1961","url":"https://www.vie-publique.fr/files/rapport/pdf/984000823.pdf","publisher":"Dieudonné Mandelkern and official archive inquiry, La Documentation française","date":"1998","locator":"Section1.3(b), PDF p6: river-police archive destruction; section2.3.5 documents higher contemporary counts.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240715025222/https://www.vie-publique.fr/files/rapport/pdf/984000823.pdf","archiveStatus":"verified"}]},{"id":"uk-kenya-migrated-archives-and-disposal-policy","title":{"ru":"Кения: британские власти вывозили архивы и предписывали уничтожать документы","en":"Kenya: British authorities removed archives and ordered records destroyed"},"period":{"from":1961,"to":2013},"actors":[{"ru":"Британская колониальная администрация Кении","en":"British colonial administration of Kenya"},{"ru":"Министерство иностранных дел Великобритании","en":"UK Foreign & Commonwealth Office"}],"region":"africa","kind":"record_destruction","summary":{"ru":"Британские власти в Кении предписывали уничтожать отдельные документы и допускать к материалам Special Branch только чиновников европейского происхождения. Эти инструкции 1961-1963 годов описаны в Национальном архиве Великобритании. Вывезенные колониальные архивы открыли десятилетия спустя; среди сохранившихся дел были материалы расследования одиннадцати смертей в лагере Хола","en":"British authorities in Kenya ordered selected records destroyed and restricted access to Special Branch material to officials of European descent. The UK National Archives describes these instructions from 1961-1963. The removed colonial archives became public decades later; surviving files included the inquest into eleven deaths at Hola camp"},"sources":[{"title":"Colonial administration records (migrated archives): first tranche guidance","url":"https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/migrated-archives-guidance.pdf","publisher":"The National Archives, United Kingdom","date":"2012","locator":"Kenya: Censorship, ciphers, document security and migration of archives; FCO 141/6957–6959, PDF pp. 50–51","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260806205812/https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/migrated-archives-guidance.pdf","archiveStatus":"verified"},{"title":"Colonial administration records (migrated archives): fourth tranche guidance","url":"https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/migrated-archives-4-guidance.pdf","publisher":"The National Archives, United Kingdom","date":"2012","locator":"Detention camps; FCO 141/5651–5672, PDF p. 11: conditions and inquest on eleven Hola deaths","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20250206163813/https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/migrated-archives-4-guidance.pdf","archiveStatus":"verified"},{"title":"Government announces timetable for Colonial administration files to be made public","url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-announces-timetable-for-colonial-administration-files-to-be-made-public","publisher":"Foreign & Commonwealth Office","date":"2011-12-05","locator":"Minister David Lidington’s statement: files held by the FCO, transfer starting April 2012 and completion planned by end 2013","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260305112705/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-announces-timetable-for-colonial-administration-files-to-be-made-public","archiveStatus":"verified"},{"title":"Colonial administration files","url":"https://www.gov.uk/guidance/colonial-administration-files","publisher":"Foreign & Commonwealth Office","date":"2014-04-24","locator":"Opening paragraph: FCO made the migrated archives collection available to the public in 2013","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260822061354/https://www.gov.uk/guidance/colonial-administration-files","archiveStatus":"verified"}]},{"id":"us-my-lai-reporting-suppression-1968","title":{"ru":"Сонгми: командование армии США скрывало сообщения о массовом убийстве","en":"My Lai: US Army command suppressed reports of the massacre"},"period":{"from":1968,"to":1969},"actors":[{"ru":"Армия США, командование подразделений дивизии «Америкал»","en":"U.S. Army, Americal Division chain of command"}],"region":"asia","kind":"concealment","summary":{"ru":"Командование армии США не передало по служебной цепочке сообщения об убийствах 16 марта 1968 года и провело несостоятельное первоначальное расследование. Сведения оставались скрытыми больше года, пока бывший военнослужащий не направил жалобу. Эти действия зафиксировало расследование Палаты представителей","en":"US Army command failed to pass reports of the 16 March 1968 killings up the chain of command and conducted an inadequate initial investigation. The allegations remained buried for more than a year, until a former soldier submitted a complaint. The House inquiry documented these actions"},"sources":[{"title":"Investigation of the My Lai Incident","url":"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llmlp/MyLaiReport/MyLaiReport.pdf","publisher":"U.S. House of Representatives, Armed Services Investigating Subcommittee","date":"1970-07-15","locator":"Printed p.43, Army Overreaction in Preferring Charges, first two paragraphs","archiveUrl":null,"archiveStatus":"not_checked"},{"title":"Report of the Department of the Army Review of the Preliminary Investigations into the My Lai Incident, Volume I","url":"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llmlp/RDAR-Vol-I/RDAR-Vol-I.pdf","publisher":"U.S. Department of the Army","date":"1970-03-14","locator":"Chapter 2.D, Suppression and Withholding of Information; pp.2-9–2-12 (supporting inquiry structure; substantive card finding checked against House report p.43)","archiveUrl":null,"archiveStatus":"not_checked"}]},{"id":"us-cambodia-operation-menu-false-records","title":{"ru":"Камбоджа: американские бомбардировки скрывали поддельными отчётами","en":"Cambodia: U.S. bombing concealed through falsified reports"},"period":{"from":1969,"to":1973},"actors":[{"ru":"Администрация Никсона; военное командование США","en":"Nixon administration; U.S. military command"}],"region":"asia","kind":"record_destruction","summary":{"ru":"Во время операции Menu американские B-52 бомбили Камбоджу, а в обычных отчётах указывались цели в Южном Вьетнаме. Документы с действительными координатами сжигали. Двойная отчётность скрывала кампанию от Конгресса и общественности до сенатских слушаний 1973 года.","en":"During Operation Menu, U.S. B-52s bombed Cambodia while routine reports listed targets in South Vietnam. Papers with the actual coordinates were burned. Dual reporting concealed the campaign from Congress and the public until the 1973 Senate hearings."},"sources":[{"title":"The Shadow War in Cambodia","url":"https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/the-shadow-war-in-cambodia/","publisher":"Air & Space Forces Magazine","date":"","locator":"Sections Secret Orders and Discovery; Hal Knight's destruction of location papers and official testimony.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260209061233/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/the-shadow-war-in-cambodia/","archiveStatus":"verified"},{"title":"Melvin Laird and the Foundation of the Post-Vietnam Military, 1969–1973","url":"https://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/secretaryofdefense/OSDSeries_Vol7.pdf","publisher":"Office of the Secretary of Defense, Historical Office","date":"2015","locator":"Printed pp. 149–150: dual reporting; government PDF is over web tool's size limit, relevant passage independently indexed.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260208083004/https://history.defense.gov/Portals/70/Documents/secretaryofdefense/OSDSeries_Vol7.pdf","archiveStatus":"verified"}]},{"id":"brazil-araguaia-denial-of-records","title":{"ru":"Арагуая: власти отрицали наличие документов об исчезнувших","en":"Araguaia: authorities denied that disappearance records existed"},"period":{"from":1972,"to":2009},"actors":[{"ru":"Вооружённые силы и власти Бразилии","en":"Brazilian armed forces and government"}],"region":"americas","kind":"concealment","summary":{"ru":"Сотрудники государственных сил похитили 62 человека в Арагуая и скрывали их судьбу. Семьям годами отказывали в сведениях о судьбе близких. Власти заявляли, что документов не существует, но в 2009 году представили обширный массив материалов. Межамериканский суд установил нарушение права на информацию и правосудие.","en":"State agents forcibly disappeared 62 people in Araguaia. Families were denied information about their relatives for years. Authorities claimed records did not exist, yet produced extensive documentation in 2009. The Inter-American Court found violations of information and judicial rights."},"sources":[{"title":"Gomes Lund et al. (Guerrilha do Araguaia) v. Brazil","url":"https://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/content/files/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_219_ing.pdf","publisher":"Inter-American Court of Human Rights; Stanford Law School copy","date":"2010-11-24","locator":"Paragraphs 125, 211–213, 222–226; especially printed pp. 83–84 (PDF pp. 83–84), denial followed by 2009 disclosure.","archiveUrl":null,"archiveStatus":"unavailable"}]},{"id":"cia-mkultra-records-destroyed-1973","title":{"ru":"MKULTRA: ЦРУ уничтожило архив опытов над людьми","en":"MKULTRA: CIA destroyed human-experimentation records"},"period":{"from":1973,"to":1973},"actors":[{"ru":"ЦРУ; директор Ричард Хелмс; руководитель технических служб Сидни Готтлиб","en":"CIA; Director Richard Helms; Technical Services chief Sidney Gottlieb"}],"region":"americas","kind":"record_destruction","summary":{"ru":"В январе 1973 года ЦРУ уничтожило файлы MKULTRA по распоряжению Ричарда Хелмса, переданному Сидни Готтлибом. Уничтожение документов затруднило установление масштаба опытов и поиск пострадавших. Позже отдельно обнаружили часть финансовых материалов программы","en":"In January 1973, the CIA destroyed MKULTRA files on Richard Helms's order, transmitted through Sidney Gottlieb. Destroying the records obstructed efforts to establish the scale of the experiments and identify those affected. Some financial records of the program were later found separately"},"sources":[{"title":"Project MKULTRA, the CIA’s Program of Research in Behavioral Modification — joint hearing","url":"https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-files-hearings-95mkultra.pdf","publisher":"U.S. Senate","date":"1977-08-03","locator":"Opening statements pp.2–4; Appendix A, section B.4 MKULTRA, PDF p.72; section D, Destruction of Records, PDF pp.86–87","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260827201520/https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-files-hearings-95mkultra.pdf","archiveStatus":"verified"}]},{"id":"chile-disappeared-remains-destroyed","title":{"ru":"Чили: тела убитых выкапывали, сжигали и сбрасывали в море","en":"Chile: victims' bodies exhumed, burned and dumped at sea"},"period":{"from":1973,"to":1990},"actors":[{"ru":"Вооружённые силы и спецслужбы диктатуры Пиночета","en":"Armed forces and security services of the Pinochet dictatorship"}],"region":"americas","kind":"concealment","summary":{"ru":"Диктатура уничтожала останки жертв, чтобы стереть следы казней. Государственный план поиска описывает тайные эксгумации, сожжение тел и сброс останков в море, включая общенациональную операцию \"Retiro de Televisores\". Судебные материалы подтверждают такие действия в нескольких регионах Чили.","en":"The dictatorship destroyed victims' remains to erase evidence of executions. Chile's national search plan describes clandestine exhumations, burning bodies and dumping remains at sea, including the nationwide Retiro de Televisores operation. Judicial evidence documents these practices in several regions."},"sources":[{"title":"Plan Nacional de Búsqueda, Verdad y Justicia","url":"https://openbiblio.museodelamemoria.cl/media/digitales/PNB_.pdf","publisher":"Government of Chile, Ministry of Justice and Human Rights; Museo de la Memoria copy","date":"2023","locator":"Table of concealment methods, rows 8–9: bodies exhumed and burned or thrown into the sea; raw PDF/text saved locally.","archiveUrl":null,"archiveStatus":"not_checked"},{"title":"Expediente judicial — Operación retiro de televisores","url":"https://www.poderjudicialtv.cl/programas/expediente-judicial/noticiero-judicial-expediente-judicial-operacion-retiro-de-televisores/","publisher":"Poder Judicial de Chile","date":"2019-07-12","locator":"Supreme Court conviction of nine former Army members for illegal exhumations.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260514044645/https://www.poderjudicialtv.cl/programas/expediente-judicial/noticiero-judicial-expediente-judicial-operacion-retiro-de-televisores/","archiveStatus":"verified"}]},{"id":"el-salvador-el-mozote-denial-1981","title":{"ru":"Эль-Мосоте: массовое убийство отрицали и скрывали","en":"El Mozote: a massacre denied and concealed"},"period":{"from":1981,"to":1992},"actors":[{"ru":"Вооружённые силы и власти Сальвадора","en":"Salvadoran armed forces and government"}],"region":"americas","kind":"concealment","summary":{"ru":"После убийств в Эль-Мосоте и соседних селениях власти систематически отрицали и скрывали случившееся. В деле Межамериканского суда зафиксировано признание государства: почти тысяча убитых, около половины; дети. Раскопки 1992 года разрушили официальную версию отрицания.","en":"After the killings at El Mozote and nearby settlements, authorities systematically denied and concealed what happened. The Inter-American Court recorded the state's acknowledgment of nearly a thousand killed, around half of them children. The 1992 exhumations broke through official denial."},"sources":[{"title":"Massacres of El Mozote and nearby places v. El Salvador","url":"https://www.refworld.org/sites/default/files/legacy-pdf/en/2012-10/564ecfee4.pdf","publisher":"Inter-American Court of Human Rights; UNHCR Refworld","date":"2012-10-25","locator":"Paragraphs 74–77 (PDF pp. 24–25) denial and exhumation; paragraph 157 (PDF p. 50) victim identification.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20250109115704/https://www.refworld.org/sites/default/files/legacy-pdf/en/2012-10/564ecfee4.pdf","archiveStatus":"verified"}]},{"id":"guatemala-dos-erres-disguised-massacre","title":{"ru":"Дос-Эррес: военные переоделись в партизан перед уничтожением деревни","en":"Dos Erres: soldiers disguised themselves as guerrillas before destroying a village"},"period":{"from":1982,"to":1982},"actors":[{"ru":"Армия Гватемалы; спецподразделение \"Кайбилес\"","en":"Guatemalan Army; Kaibiles special forces"}],"region":"americas","kind":"concealment","summary":{"ru":"Перед нападением на Дос-Эррес командование приказало солдатам переодеться в партизан, чтобы ввести жителей в заблуждение. За 6-8 декабря 1982 года военные уничтожили деревню; дело Межамериканской комиссии охватывает 251 убитого. Тела жертв сбрасывали в колодец.","en":"Before attacking Dos Erres, commanders ordered soldiers to dress as guerrillas to deceive the population. The army destroyed the village on 6-8 December 1982; the Inter-American Commission's case covers 251 people killed. Victims' bodies were thrown into a well."},"sources":[{"title":"Application in The Las Dos Erres Massacre, Case 11.681","url":"https://cja.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/IACHR_application_to_IACtHR_Dos_Erres_2008.pdf","publisher":"Inter-American Commission on Human Rights; Center for Justice and Accountability copy","date":"2008-07-30","locator":"Paragraphs 1, 106–107 and subsequent massacre account; PDF pp. 4, 28–31.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230625203133/https://cja.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/IACHR_application_to_IACtHR_Dos_Erres_2008.pdf","archiveStatus":"verified"}]},{"id":"argentina-repression-records-destruction-1983","title":{"ru":"Аргентина: военная диктатура уничтожала досье на задержанных","en":"Argentina: the military dictatorship destroyed detainee files"},"period":{"from":1983,"to":1983},"actors":[{"ru":"Военная хунта Аргентины; Рейнальдо Биньоне","en":"Argentine military junta; Reynaldo Bignone"}],"region":"americas","kind":"record_destruction","summary":{"ru":"Перед уходом военной диктатуры Биньоне издал закрытый указ № 2726/83 о списании документов на людей, задержанных по распоряжению исполнительной власти. Комиссия CONADEP установила уничтожение и сокрытие материалов репрессий: восстанавливать судьбы исчезнувших пришлось их семьям и следователям.","en":"Before the military dictatorship ended, Bignone issued secret decree 2726/83 ordering disposal of files on executive-ordered detainees. CONADEP established that repression records had been destroyed or concealed, forcing families and investigators to reconstruct the fate of the disappeared."},"sources":[{"title":"Nunca Más — Los documentos","url":"https://librosycasas.cultura.gob.ar/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Nunca-Mas_Digital_2021.pdf","publisher":"CONADEP; Argentine Ministry of Culture edition","date":"2021","locator":"Chapter 4, printed pp. 165–168 (PDF pp. 166–169), A. Documentación; decree and consequences.","archiveUrl":null,"archiveStatus":"unavailable"},{"title":"Decreto 2726/1983","url":"https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/decreto-2726-1983-15936","publisher":"Argentine national legislation database","date":"1983","locator":"Official decree catalog, subject: detainee antecedent records.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240121133250/https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/decreto-2726-1983-15936","archiveStatus":"verified"}]},{"id":"apartheid-pebco-cradock-killing-coverups-1985","title":{"ru":"ЮАР: полиция апартеида организовала сокрытие убийств семи активистов","en":"South Africa: apartheid police organized cover-ups of seven activists' killings"},"period":{"from":1985,"to":1998},"actors":[{"ru":"Южноафриканская полиция","en":"South African Police"}],"region":"africa","kind":"concealment","summary":{"ru":"Полиция ЮАР организовала сокрытие убийств трёх активистов PEBCO и четырёх активистов из Крадока. Комиссия истины и примирения прямо зафиксировала эти операции в итоговом докладе. Расследования и показания комиссии помогли раскрыть преступления","en":"South African police organized cover-ups of the murders of the PEBCO Three and Cradock Four activists. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission explicitly recorded these operations in its final report. Its investigations and testimony helped expose the killings"},"sources":[{"title":"Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume One","url":"https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/volume%201.pdf","publisher":"Truth and Reconciliation Commission / Department of Justice, South Africa","date":"1998-10-29","locator":"Chapter 1, para. 51, printed p. 12: police cover-ups of PEBCO Three and Cradock Four","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260809202856/https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/volume%201.pdf","archiveStatus":"verified"},{"title":"Killers of PEBCO 3 denied amnesty","url":"https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media/pr/1999/p990618a.htm","publisher":"Truth and Reconciliation Commission, South Africa","date":"1999-06-18","locator":"Opening paragraphs: 8 May 1985 abduction, subsequent murder, and failure to make full disclosure","archiveUrl":null,"archiveStatus":"not_checked"},{"title":"Cradock Four inquest re-opened","url":"https://www.justice.gov.za/m_statements/2024/20240105-Craddock-Four.html","publisher":"Department of Justice and Constitutional Development, South Africa","date":"2024-01-05","locator":"Historical account: 27 June 1985 journey, murders and earlier inquests","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20250807162549/https://www.justice.gov.za/m_statements/2024/20240105-Craddock-Four.html","archiveStatus":"verified"}]},{"id":"apartheid-south-africa-death-underregistration-1986-1990","title":{"ru":"ЮАР: система апартеида оставляла смерти африканского населения за пределами учёта","en":"South Africa: apartheid registration left African deaths uncounted"},"period":{"from":1986,"to":1990},"actors":[{"ru":"Органы регистрации населения ЮАР при апартеиде","en":"South African registration authorities under apartheid"}],"region":"africa","kind":"nonregistration","summary":{"ru":"При апартеиде учёт смертей африканского населения был настолько неполным, что Stats SA не смогла опубликовать для него коэффициенты смертности за 1986-1990 годы. В той же таблице коэффициенты для других расовых категорий приведены. Официальная статистика прямо признаёт серьёзный недоучёт смертей африканцев","en":"Under apartheid, registration of African deaths was so incomplete that Stats SA could not publish mortality rates for that population for 1986-1990. The same table provides rates for other racial categories. The official statistics explicitly acknowledge severe underreporting of African deaths"},"sources":[{"title":"Bulletin of Statistics, December 2002","url":"https://apps.statssa.gov.za/Deploy/census01/HTML/Bulletin.pdf","publisher":"Statistics South Africa","date":"2002-12","locator":"Section 1.2.1, Vital Statistics; PDF p. 8; explanatory text and 1986–1990 table","archiveUrl":null,"archiveStatus":"not_checked"}]},{"id":"apartheid-security-branch-record-destruction-1992-1993","title":{"ru":"ЮАР: полиция безопасности уничтожала архивы и следы их существования","en":"South Africa: Security Branch destroyed archives and traces of their existence"},"period":{"from":1992,"to":1993},"actors":[{"ru":"Полиция безопасности ЮАР","en":"South African Police Security Branch"},{"ru":"Государственный аппарат апартеида","en":"Apartheid state apparatus"}],"region":"africa","kind":"record_destruction","summary":{"ru":"Полиция безопасности ЮАР массово уничтожала оперативные документы после приказа марта 1992 года. Уничтожению подверглись бумажные оригиналы, микрофильмы, база данных и сведения о самих записях. Комиссия истины и примирения связала общую кампанию уничтожения с устранением уличающих доказательств","en":"South Africa's Security Branch destroyed operational records on a mass scale following a March 1992 instruction. Paper originals, microfilms, the database and records describing the files were destroyed. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission linked the broader destruction campaign to the removal of incriminating evidence"},"sources":[{"title":"Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report, Volume One","url":"https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/volume%201.pdf","publisher":"Truth and Reconciliation Commission / Department of Justice, South Africa","date":"1998-10-29","locator":"Chapter 8, paras. 1–12 and 48–52, printed pp. 201–204, 216–218; Chapter 1, para. 51, printed p. 12","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260809202856/https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/report/finalreport/volume%201.pdf","archiveStatus":"verified"}]},{"id":"peru-la-cantuta-clandestine-burials","title":{"ru":"Ла-Кантута: похищенных студентов убили и спрятали в тайных могилах","en":"La Cantuta: abducted students killed and hidden in clandestine graves"},"period":{"from":1992,"to":1993},"actors":[{"ru":"Военная группа \"Колина\", Перу","en":"Colina military group, Peru"}],"region":"americas","kind":"concealment","summary":{"ru":"Военные похитили девять студентов и преподавателя университета Ла-Кантута. Их семьи почти год искали исчезнувших. Сведения и свидетельства, сохранённые государственным архивом памяти Перу, описывают обнаружение останков в тайном захоронении со следами сожжения.","en":"Soldiers abducted nine students and a professor from La Cantuta University. Their families searched for nearly a year. Records and testimony preserved by Peru's state memory archive describe remains found in a clandestine grave with signs of burning."},"sources":[{"title":"Caso: Cantuta. Testimonio: Guisela Ortiz Perea y Carmen Amado Cóndor","url":"https://lum.cultura.pe/cdi/video/caso-cantuta-testimonio-guisela-ortiz-perea-y-carmen-amado-condor","publisher":"Peruvian Ministry of Culture, Lugar de la Memoria; Truth Commission testimony","date":"2002","locator":"Archive description of 18 July 1992 abduction and 12 July 1993 discovery; collection Defensoría del Pueblo.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260521112901/https://lum.cultura.pe/cdi/video/caso-cantuta-testimonio-guisela-ortiz-perea-y-carmen-amado-condor","archiveStatus":"verified"}]},{"id":"cia-gul-rahman-death-report-omissions-2002","title":{"ru":"Гуль Рахман: смерть на бетонном полу и искажённое донесение ЦРУ","en":"Gul Rahman: death on a concrete floor and a distorted CIA report"},"period":{"from":2002,"to":2003},"actors":[{"ru":"ЦРУ, персонал места заключения COBALT и штаб-квартира","en":"CIA, DETENTION SITE COBALT personnel and headquarters"}],"region":"asia","kind":"concealment","summary":{"ru":"В секретной тюрьме ЦРУ Гуля Рахмана оставили раздетым ниже пояса, закованным в цепи на голом бетонном полу. Он умер; наиболее вероятной причиной было переохлаждение. Первое сообщение в штаб-квартиру содержало искажения и умолчания, вскрытые внутренним расследованием.","en":"At a secret CIA prison, Gul Rahman was left naked below the waist and shackled on bare concrete. He died, most likely from hypothermia. The first report to headquarters contained misstatements and omissions exposed by an internal investigation."},"sources":[{"title":"Committee Study of the Central Intelligence Agency’s Detention and Interrogation Program, S. Rept.113-288","url":"https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-filesations-crpt-113srpt288.pdf","publisher":"U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence","date":"2014-12-09","locator":"Executive Summary, section I.C.4, printed pp.54–56, especially p.55 first paragraph and p.56 first paragraph; PDF pp.83–85","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260904200803/https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/sites-default-filesations-crpt-113srpt288.pdf","archiveStatus":"verified"},{"title":"Death Investigation – Gul RAHMAN","url":"https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/0006555318.pdf","publisher":"Central Intelligence Agency","date":"2003-01-28","locator":"Underlying internal death investigation cited by Senate p.55 footnote272 and p.56 footnote278; release stamp 2016-06-10","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20250523160034/https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/0006555318.pdf","archiveStatus":"verified"},{"title":"CIA Gul Rahman death investigation, released document C06555318","url":"https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/publications/foia-request-death-investigation-gul-rahman-report/","publisher":"CIA investigation released under FOIA; hosted by Prison Legal News","date":"2019","locator":"Original report printed p.28, paragraph44; p.32, paragraph54; p.33 Conclusions. Conditions of confinement and hypothermia as most likely cause of death.","archiveUrl":null,"archiveStatus":"unavailable"}]},{"id":"cia-interrogation-videotapes-destroyed-2005","title":{"ru":"ЦРУ: уничтожены 92 видеозаписи допросов","en":"CIA: 92 interrogation videotapes destroyed"},"period":{"from":2002,"to":2005},"actors":[{"ru":"Центральное разведывательное управление США","en":"U.S. Central Intelligence Agency"}],"region":"asia","kind":"record_destruction","summary":{"ru":"ЦРУ уничтожило 92 видеозаписи допросов Абу Зубайды и Абд ар-Рахима ан-Нашири, включая применение пыток. Сохранились телеграммы с разрешением на уничтожение от 8 ноября 2005 года и подтверждением исполнения на следующий день.","en":"The CIA destroyed 92 videotapes of Abu Zubaydah and Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri being interrogated, including torture. Surviving cables contain approval to destroy them on 8 November 2005 and confirmation the following day."},"sources":[{"title":"DDO Approval to Destroy Video Tapes","url":"https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/16561-document-17-cia-cable-subject-eyes-only","publisher":"CIA; released through ACLU litigation, National Security Archive","date":"2005-11-08","locator":"One-page cable; operative approval paragraph.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260318100833/https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/16561-document-17-cia-cable-subject-eyes-only","archiveStatus":"verified"},{"title":"Destruction of Video Tapes","url":"https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/16562-document-18-cia-cable-subject-eyes-only","publisher":"CIA; released through ACLU litigation, National Security Archive","date":"2005-11-09","locator":"Confirmation cable.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260307055257/https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/16562-document-18-cia-cable-subject-eyes-only","archiveStatus":"verified"},{"title":"The CIA Black Sites Program and the Gina Haspel Nomination","url":"https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/intelligence-torture-archive/2018-05-09/cia-black-sites-program-gina-haspel-nomination","publisher":"National Security Archive","date":"2018-05-09","locator":"Documents 16–19; identifies the 92 tapes and two detainees.","archiveUrl":null,"archiveStatus":"unavailable"}]},{"id":"colombia-false-combat-deaths-2002-2008","title":{"ru":"Колумбия: убитых гражданских выдавали за погибших в бою","en":"Colombia: murdered civilians passed off as combat deaths"},"period":{"from":2002,"to":2008},"actors":[{"ru":"Армия Колумбии","en":"Colombian Army"}],"region":"americas","kind":"concealment","summary":{"ru":"Военные убивали людей и записывали их в отчётах как противников, погибших в бою. Специальная юрисдикция мира установила предварительный масштаб: 6 402 жертвы за 2002-2008 годы. Поддельные боевые результаты скрывали убийства гражданских и насильственные исчезновения.","en":"Soldiers killed people and reported them as enemy combatants killed in action. The Special Jurisdiction for Peace established a preliminary scale of 6,402 victims in 2002-2008. Fabricated combat results concealed civilian murders and enforced disappearances."},"sources":[{"title":"Caso 03: Asesinatos y desapariciones forzadas presentados como bajas en combate por agentes del Estado","url":"https://www.jep.gov.co/macrocasos/caso03.html","publisher":"Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz","date":"","locator":"Perfil del Caso 03; preliminary 6,402 figure and cross-checking sources.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260823195748/https://www.jep.gov.co/macrocasos/caso03.html","archiveStatus":"verified"}]},{"id":"mexico-ayotzinapa-investigation-coverup-2014","title":{"ru":"Айотсинапа: пытки и прикрытие нарушений в деле об исчезновении студентов","en":"Ayotzinapa: torture and cover-ups in the missing-students investigation"},"period":{"from":2014,"to":2016},"actors":[{"ru":"Генеральная прокуратура, федеральная полиция и ВМС Мексики","en":"Mexican Attorney General’s Office, Federal Police and Navy"}],"region":"americas","kind":"concealment","summary":{"ru":"В расследовании исчезновения 43 студентов ООН выявила серьёзные основания говорить о пытках как минимум 34 задержанных. Травмы объясняли падениями и самоповреждением. Попытку внутреннего расследования сорвали заменой ответственных сотрудников, а нарушения прикрывали вместо полноценного расследования.","en":"In the investigation into 43 missing students, the UN found strong grounds for torture of at least 34 detainees. Injuries were explained away as falls or self-harm. An internal investigation was frustrated by replacing officials; abuses were covered up rather than properly investigated."},"sources":[{"title":"México: investigación del caso Ayotzinapa afectada por torturas y encubrimiento","url":"https://hchr.org.mx/comunicados/mexico-investigacion-del-caso-ayotzinapa-afectada-por-torturas-y-encubrimiento-senala-informe-de-naciones-unidas/","publisher":"Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights","date":"2018-03-15","locator":"Findings on 34 detainees, implausible injury explanations, replacement of internal investigators.","archiveUrl":"https://web.archive.org/web/20260213100854/https://hchr.org.mx/comunicados/mexico-investigacion-del-caso-ayotzinapa-afectada-por-torturas-y-encubrimiento-senala-informe-de-naciones-unidas/","archiveStatus":"verified"}]}]},"meta":{"version":2}}